Architect
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An architect is a
person trained in the planning, design and oversight/supervision of the
construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to offer or
render services in connection with the design and construction of a building,
or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings,
that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use.[1] Etymologically, architect
derives from the Latin architectus, itself derived from the Greek arkhitekton
(arkhi-, chief + tekton, builder), i.e. chief builder.[2]
Professionally, an
architect's decisions affect public safety, and thus an architect must undergo
specialized training consisting of advanced education and a practicum
(or internship) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture. The practical,
technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by
jurisdiction (see below).
The terms architect
and architecture are also used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture and often information technology (for example a software architect). In most of the world's jurisdictions, the
professional and commercial uses of the terms "architect" and
"landscape architect" are legally protected.
Origins
Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural
design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times
there was no clear distinction between the architect and engineer. In Europe, the titles
"architect" and "engineer" were primarily geographical
variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably.[3][4]
The Practice of Architecture
In most developed
countries, only qualified persons— those with the appropriate licensure,
certification, or registration with a relevant body, often governmental— are
legally permitted to practice architecture. Such licensure usually requires an
accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training
period. The use of terms and titles, including derivatives such as Architectural Designer, and the representation of oneself as an
architect is restricted to licensed individuals by law.
To practice architecture
implies the ability to practice independently of supervision. The term Building design professional (or Design
professional), by contrast, is a much broader term including professionals who
practice independently under an alternate profession, such as engineering professionals, or those
who assist in the practice architecture under the supervision of a licensed
architect, such as architectural technologists and intern architects. In many places,
independent, non-licensed individuals are permitted to offer design services
outside of the professional restrictions- such as the design of houses and
other smaller structures.
Architects in practice
Architecture is a profession in which technical knowledge,
management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. An
architect accepts a commission from a client. The commission might involve
preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of
several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect
participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building.
Throughout the project (planning to occupancy), the architect co-ordinates a
design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the
client or the architect, who must ensure that the work is co-ordinated to
construct the design.
Design role
The architect hired by a
client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements
of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that,
the architect must meet with and question the client [extensively] to ascertain
all the requirements and nuances of the planned project. This information,
known as a program or brief, is essential to producing a project that meets all
the needs and desires of the owner—it is a guide for the architect in creating
the design concept.
Architects deal with local
and federal jurisdictions about regulations and building codes. The architect might
need to comply with local planning and zoning laws, such as required
setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements
(windows) and land use. Some established jurisdictions require
adherence to design and historic preservation guidelines.
Construction role
Architects typically put
projects to tender on behalf of their clients, advise on the award of the project
to a general contractor, and review the progress of the work during
construction. They typically review contractor shop drawings and other submittals, prepare and issue site
instructions, and provide construction contract administration and Certificates
for Payment to the contractor (see also Design-bid-build). In many jurisdictions,
mandatory certification or assurance of the work is required.
Depending on the client's
needs and the jurisdiction's requirements, the spectrum of the architect's
services may be extensive (detailed document preparation and construction
review) or less inclusive (such as allowing a contractor to exercise
considerable design-build functions). With very large, complex
projects, an independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in design and to
manage construction. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor is often part of the
team to provide cost consulting.
Alternate practice and specializations
Recent decades have seen the rise of
specializations within the profession. Many architects and architectural firms
focus on certain project types (for example, health care, retail, public
housing, event management), technological expertise or project delivery
methods. Some architects specialize as building code, building envelope, sustainable design, technical writing, historic preservation(US) or conservation (UK), accessibility and other forms of
specialist consultants.
Many architects elect to move into real estate (property) development, corporate facilities
planning, project management, construction management, interior design or other related fields.
Professional requirements
Although there are variations from place to place,
most of the world's architects are required to register with the appropriate
jurisdiction. To do so, architects are typically required to meet three common
requirements: education, experience, and examination.
Educational requirements generally consist of
a university degree in architecture. The experience requirement
for degreed candidates is usually satisfied by a practicum or internship
(usually two to three years, depending on jurisdiction). Finally, a
Registration Examination or a series of exams is required prior to licensure.
Professionals engaged in the design and
supervision of construction projects prior to the late 19th century were not
necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an academic setting.
Instead, they often trained under established architects. Prior to modern
times, there was no distinction between architects, engineers and often artists, and the title used
varied depending on geographical location. They often carried the title of master builder, or surveyor, after serving a number
of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren). The formal study of
architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the development
of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in
architectural technology and theory.
Fin….
By
Belinda N.R Wicaksono
www.wikipedia.com
www.wikipedia.com
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